The myogenic kinome: protein kinases critical to mammalian skeletal myogenesis

Skeletal Muscle

Table 1 Other protein kinases implicated in myogenesis

Stage^a	Kinase	Full name	Mechanism^b	References
Satellite cell activation	c-Met^c	N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) human osteosarcoma (HOS) transforming oncogene cellular homologue	?	[213–215]
Proliferation and/or inhibit differentiation	JAK1	Janus/just another kinase 1	Phosphorylation and activation of STAT1	[216]
	p38γ	p38γ mitogen-activated protein kinase	Phosphorylation and repression of MyoD activity	[217]
	ROCK1	Rho-associated kinase 1	Blocks activation of the Akt differentiation pathway	[218–220]
Differentiation	c-Abl	Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene cellular homologue	Activation of p38	[221, 222]
	CaMK1/4	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 1 and 4	Phosphorylates HDAC5, thereby releasing repression of MEF2	[223–226]
	DYRK1B	Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B	Phosphorylates HDAC5 and HDAC9, thereby releasing repression of MEF2	[227, 228]
	MAPK7^d	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7	Phosphorylation and activation of MEF2C	[229, 230]
	JAK2	Janus/just another kinase 2	Phosphorylation and activation of STAT2 and STAT3	[216, 231]
	PKCζ	Protein kinase Cζ	Activation of CDK5	[53]
	PKD2	Protein kinase D2	Activation of MEF2D and repression of Pax3	[232]
Fusion	cGK1	Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase 1	Phosphorylation and inactivation of FoxO1	[233]
	FAK	Focal adhesion kinase	Fusogen expression	[234, 235]
	PKCθ	Protein kinase Cθ	Activation of FAK	[234]
Hypertrophy	ROCK2	Rho-associated kinase 2	Activation of ERK2 and S6K	[236]

The protein kinases listed are those that have been clearly implicated in regulating some aspect of myogenesis but have not been studied in detail.
^aThe stage of myogenesis regulated by the indicated kinase. ^bThe mechanism the indicated kinase has been implicated in regulating. ^cAlso known as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor (HGFR/SFR). ^dAlso known as big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5).

ISSN: 2044-5040