Figure 6
From: TAK-1/p38/nNFκB signaling inhibits myoblast differentiation by increasing levels of Activin A
Pathway model for interleukin (IL)-1α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inhibition of human skeletal muscle cell (HuSKMC) differentiation. IL-1α and TNF-α induced secretion of Activin A in differentiating HuSKMCs cells and this secreted Activin A mediated their effects. Release of Activin A was dependent on t ransforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1/p38/nuclear factor κB pathway activation, but independent of SMAD2/3 signaling. The released Activin A subsequently inhibited differentiation via ALK/SMAD2/3 signaling.