Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: pathogenic mechanisms of muscle weakness

Skeletal Muscle

Table 1 Some of the important cytokines/chemokines reported in inflammatory myopathies

Cytokines/Chemokines	Potential role	References
IL-1α/IL1-β	Pro-inflammatory and probably myofibrillar protein break down	[34–36]
TNF-α	Chemo-attractant	[37]
TGF-β	Pro-fibrotic	[39]
IL-17	IL-6 production and HLA class I in muscle cells	[40, 41]
IL-15¹	T-cell activation, development of NK cells and NK-T-cells	[51]
Type 1 interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β)	Enhance type 1 interferon inducible transcripts (ISG15, MX1, IFIT3 and IRF7)	[42–44]
Leukotriene B4	Chemo-attractant	[45]
Macrophage inflammatory proteins (1α, 1β)	Contribute to ongoing muscle inflammation	[46]
RANTES²	Chemo-attractant	[46]
Resistin/Adipocyte secreted factor	Pro-inflammatory, probably involved in metabolic dysregulation	[47–49]
TWEAK³	Impairs muscle differentiation and myogenesis	[50]

ISSN: 2044-5040