Fig. 4

Strong downregulation of metabolic genes and increased levels of HDACs in RAmKO skeletal muscle. a–b Increased expression (a) and protein levels (b) of UCP2 and UCP3 in the skeletal muscle of 12-week-old RAmKO mice (n = 4) when compared to control (Ctrl) littermates (n = 4). c–d Genes involved in fatty acid (c) and glucose metabolism (d) are expressed at lower levels in the skeletal muscle of 12-week-old RAmKO mice (n = 4) when compared to control (Ctrl) littermates (n = 4). e HDAC4 protein levels are higher in the TA muscles of RAmKO (n = 4) and TSCmKO (n = 4) at 12 weeks of age. In contrast, the levels of HDAC5 are only higher in RAmKO (n = 4) as shown by immunoblot. Note: both bands of the HDAC proteins were included in the quantification. Protein expression is normalized to α-actinin. Data presented are all from male mice of the indicated genotypes. Data represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001