Fig. 6

Comparative disease course of GRMD based on the relative equivalency of the first year of a golden retriever’s life and initial 20 years of a human’s. The two periods are divided into quartiles, e.g., 0–3 months of GRMD paralleling 0–5 years of DMD, with signs of the skeletal myopathy (SM) and cardiomyopathy (CM) listed for each period [118–130]. Note, the GRMD clinical course from 0–6 months largely parallels that of DMD over the 0–10 year period. However, the GRMD and DMD phenotypes then dramatically diverge, with GRMD dogs often stabilizing and DMD continuing to progress. SM skeletal myopathy, CM cardiomyopathy, LVEDV and LVSDV left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction. Modified from reference [75]