Fig. 8

Sensitivity analyses on the parameters (mean and standard deviation) of the Hill-type muscle model, including optimal fiber length (\( {L}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{M}} \)), tendon slack length (\( {L}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{T}} \)), and tendon strain (\( {\varepsilon}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{T}} \)). The \( {L}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{M}} \) and \( {L}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{T}} \) values were both altered by ±1 standard deviation. The \( {\varepsilon}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{T}} \) value was altered based on plausible ranges reported in the literature from 2 to 9% (see Sensitivity analyses)