Fig. 12

Voltage sensing domains of Cav1.1. From left to right, S4-I, S4-II, S4-III, and S4-IV. The positively charged residues of the S4 segments are labeled in red for each domain. Negatively charged amino acids are shown in blue. The depicted transmembrane helices are from the structure of the cryo-EM of Cav1.1 (PDB 5GJW) [100]. These models were created using Chimera [174]. Refs. for VDSI [165, 170], VDSII [165, 171], VSD III [165, 167], and VSD IV [165,166,167]