Fig. 5

Metabolomic analysis reveals pronounced metabolic disorders in gastrocnemius muscles of glioma-bearing mice compared to controls. a PCA scores plot demonstrating distinct metabolic differences among the three groups of mice. The x-axis represents the first PC accounting for 37.1% of the total variation. The y-axis denotes the second PC accounting for 25.3% of the total variation. Ovals are showed in the panel to highlight metabolic distinctions. b Clustered heatmap plot of relative metabolite levels showing metabolic derangements in glioma cachectic mice relative to controls. One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to perform multiple comparisons of metabolite levels among the three groups of mice (n = 6–7; P < 0.05). c, d Metabolite set enrichment analyses (MSEA) for identifying significantly altered metabolic pathways (P < 0.05) of CHG5 vs. HEB (c) and U87 vs. HEB (d)