Fig. 7

Overview of significantly altered signaling pathways and metabolic pathways involved in cachectic gastrocnemius of U87 mice relative to normal controls. Downregulated metabolites and proteins are colored green, whereas upregulated metabolites and proteins are colored red. Decreased metabolites as main energy sources include glucose, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate, and amino acids largely released from AMPK-FOXO-Atrogin1/LC3-mediated proteolysis are mostly involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and TCA cycle anaplerosis, including BCAAs, glutamine, glutamate, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, serine, threonine, and TCA cycle intermediate malate. Furthermore, AKT-mediated protein synthesis is suppressed in U87 gastrocnemius