Fig. 5
From: Skeletal muscle as an experimental model of choice to study tissue aging and rejuvenation
The relationship between ES, α, β, and power for a one-tailed test where it is expected that μA > μ0. The critical value \( {\overline{X}}_c \) is the minimum sample mean to needed to reject H0 at the desired confidence level (1 − α). Note that for a given α and ES, the area of β increases and the power decreases with increasing variability in the distributions. Conversely, if variability decreases, the power increases and β decreases