From: Functional replacement of myostatin with GDF-11 in the germline of mice
 | Male +/+ (n = 9) | Male Gdf11/Gdf11 (n = 8) | Female +/+ (n = 7) | Female Gdf11/Gdf11 (n = 10) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Femurs | ||||
 Total volume (mm3) | 2.16 ± 0.08 | 1.86 ± 0.05b | 1.75 ± 0.05 | 1.72 ± 0.04 |
 Bone volume (mm3) | 0.403 ± 0.058 | 0.194 ± 0.015b | 0.139 ± 0.011 | 0.121 ± 0.012 |
 Bone surface (mm2) | 21.49 ± 1.97 | 13.03 ± 0.87b | 9.36 ± 0.61 | 8.43 ± 0.78 |
 Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (%) | 18.20 ± 2.04 | 10.34 ± 0.65b | 7.92 ± 0.55 | 7.01 ± 0.57 |
 Bone surface density (1/mm) | 9.82 ± 0.56 | 6.95 ± 0.33c | 5.35 ± 0.28 | 4.86 ± 0.36 |
 Specific bone surface (1/mm) | 57.70 ± 3.80 | 70.85 ± 2.58b | 71.55 ± 1.77 | 73.79 ± 1.92 |
 Connectivity density (1/mm3) | 246.4 ± 12.1 | 179.1 ± 16.3b | 104.4 ± 10.5 | 97.0 ± 13.1 |
 Structure model index | 1.81 ± 0.19 | 2.52 ± 0.07b | 2.75 ± 0.08 | 2.81 ± 0.07 |
 Trabecular number (Tb.N) (1/mm) | 5.61 ± 0.14 | 4.75 ± 0.14c | 4.18 ± 0.08 | 4.01 ± 0.13 |
 Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (μm) | 48.0 ± 2.6 | 40.5 ± 1.8a | 40.2 ± 0.6 | 39.5 ± 0.8 |
 Trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) (μm) | 166.5 ± 5.6 | 204.6 ± 7.0c | 235.4 ± 4.6 | 248.3 ± 8.2 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Th (μm) | 17.4 ± 1.5 | 14.2 ± 1.1 | 15.0 ± 0.14 | 15.0 ± 0.68 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Sp (μm) | 53.8 ± 2.5 | 66.0 ± 2.2b | 69.3 ± 2.8 | 75.1 ± 2.9 |
 Degree of anisotropy | 1.67 ± 0.05 | 1.53 ± 0.03a | 1.61 ± 0.03 | 1.56 ± 0.04 |
 Bone mineral density (mg/ccm HA) | 153.5 ± 18.7 | 79.7 ± 6.1b | 54.8 ± 4.9 | 47.0 ± 5.2 |
 Tissue density (mg/ccm HA) | 876.7 ± 7.5 | 854.5 ± 10.0 | 856.9 ± 4.6 | 857.6 ± 4.9 |
Humeri | ||||
 Total volume (mm3) | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.02 |
 Bone volume (mm3) | 0.088 ± 0.007 | 0.063 ± 0.008a | 0.054 ± 0.005 | 0.045 ± 0.005 |
 Bone surface (mm2) | 5.84 ± 0.44 | 4.44 ± 0.51a | 3.47 ± 0.23 | 2.91 ± 0.29 |
 Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (%) | 9.36 ± 0.59 | 6.97 ± 0.62b | 6.52 ± 0.46 | 5.75 ± 0.52 |
 Bone surface density (1/mm) | 6.21 ± 0.37 | 4.90 ± 0.38a | 4.21 ± 0.20 | 3.73 ± 0.32 |
 Specific bone surface (1/mm) | 70.86 ± 1.97 | 76.32 ± 1.84a | 69.76 ± 2.27 | 69.73 ± 1.41 |
 Connectivity density (1/mm3) | 117.5 ± 12.9 | 80.3 ± 14.4 | 49.4 ± 5.4 | 47.0 ± 8.6 |
 Structure model index | 2.86 ± 0.06 | 3.03 ± 0.07 | 2.89 ± 0.08 | 3.06 ± 0.12 |
 Trabecular number (Tb.N) (1/mm) | 4.99 ± 0.15 | 4.46 ± 0.13a | 3.71 ± 0.06 | 3.63 ± 0.12 |
 Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (μm) | 40.4 ± 1.2 | 38.0 ± 1.0 | 40.6 ± 1.4 | 41.4 ± 0.9 |
 Trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) (μm) | 195.2 ± 6.8 | 220.9 ± 6.7a | 268.7 ± 5.1 | 277.6 ± 9.5 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Th (μm) | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 13.5 ± 0.6 | 15.3 ± 1.0 | 16.1 ± 0.7 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Sp (μm) | 57.6 ± 1.8 | 68.5 ± 3.0b | 94.0 ± 8.0 | 87.4 ± 5.0 |
 Degree of anisotropy | 1.83 ± 0.02 | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.80 ± 0.04 | 1.81 ± 0.04 |
 Bone mineral density (mg/ccm HA) | 75.5 ± 5.8 | 50.0 ± 6.1b | 43.0 ± 3.4 | 37.1 ± 4.7 |
 Tissue density (mg/ccm HA) | 910.4 ± 7.8 | 901.5 ± 5.8 | 908.1 ± 7.8 | 928.5 ± 9.4 |
L5 Vertebrae | ||||
 Total volume (mm3) | 2.06 ± 0.06 | 1.98 ± 0.05 | 2.03 ± 0.07 | 2.04 ± 0.05 |
 Bone volume (mm3) | 0.541 ± 0.034 | 0.417 ± 0.020b | 0.427 ± 0.019 | 0.397 ± 0.015 |
 Bone surface (mm2) | 26.63 ± 1.03 | 22.91 ± 1.04a | 22.49 ± 0.72 | 21.41 ± 0.70 |
 Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (%) | 26.05 ± 0.92 | 20.98 ± 0.56c | 21.03 ± 0.38 | 19.40 ± 0.49a |
 Bone surface density (1/mm) | 12.90 ± 0.21 | 11.55 ± 0.28b | 11.11 ± 0.10 | 10.48 ± 0.22a |
 Specific bone surface (1/mm) | 49.90 ± 1.43 | 55.45 ± 0.29b | 53.31 ± 1.03 | 54.57 ± 0.65 |
 Connectivity density (1/mm3) | 306.1 ± 10.5 | 266.9 ± 13.3a | 280.9 ± 12.0 | 253.9 ± 7.8 |
 Structure model index | 0.46 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.05c | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 0.91 ± 0.05 |
 Trabecular number (Tb.N) (1/mm) | 5.59 ± 0.08 | 5.21 ± 0.08b | 4.81 ± 0.06 | 4.63 ± 0.07 |
 Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (μm) | 46.3 ± 1.6 | 41.6 ± 0.2a | 43.7 ± 0.7 | 43.1 ± 0.5 |
 Trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) (μm) | 166.2 ± 2.8 | 180.1 ± 3.5b | 198.6 ± 3.2 | 207.4 ± 3.8 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Th (μm) | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 11.4 ± 0.1a | 12.6 ± 0.19 | 12.7 ± 0.27 |
 Standard deviation of Tb.Sp (μm) | 73.8 ± 2.2 | 75.2 ± 4.4 | 85.2 ± 3.5 | 91.4 ± 2.8 |
 Degree of anisotropy | 2.01 ± 0.04 | 1.98 ± 0.04 | 1.96 ± 0.04 | 1.96 ± 0.02 |
 Bone mineral density (mg/ccm HA) | 231.0 ± 8.7 | 181.3 ± 5.6c | 180.6 ± 4.1 | 164.9 ± 4.9a |
 Tissue density (mg/ccm HA) | 906.7 ± 6.2 | 887.9 ± 1.7a | 873.4 ± 6.6 | 879.1 ± 3.5 |