Long noncoding RNAs, emerging players in muscle differentiation and disease

Skeletal Muscle

Table 1 Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in muscle differentiation

LncRNA	Site of action	Function	Effector molecule	Regulation during muscle differentiation	References
eRNAs (^{CE and DRR}RNAs)	Nucleus	Transcriptional activation	MyoD	Up	[30]
Gtl2/Meg3	Nucleus	Epigenetic repression	PRC2	Up	[55, 56]
H19	Nucleus and cytoplasm	Epigenetic repression, miRNAs sponge	PRC2, let-7 miRNAs	Up	[57]
Linc-MD1	Cytoplasm	miRNAs sponge	HuR	Up	[46, 58]
Malat1	Nucleus	Epigenetic repression, pre-mRNA splicing	Cbx4 and SR family of splicing factors	Up	[59]
Neat1	Nucleus	Structural integrity of nuclear paraspeckles	Various RNA-binding proteins	Up	[60]
Nctc1	Nucleus?	Unknown	Unknown	Up	[61]
SRA	Nucleus	Scaffold factor	MyoD	Up	[62, 63]
SINE containing lncRNAs	Cytoplasm	mRNA decay	STAU1 and STAU2	Up	[64]
Yams	Nucleus	Transcriptional activation	Unknown	Up/down	[65]

eRNAs: enhancer RNAs; ^{CE and DRR}RNAs: Core Enhancer and Distal Regulatory Region RNAs; Gtl2/Meg3: Gene trap locus 2/Maternally expressed gene 3; Malat1: Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; Neat1: Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1; Nctc1: Noncoding transcript 1; SRA: Steroid receptor RNA Activator; SINE containing lncRNAs: Short Interspersed Elements containing lncRNAs; Yams: YY1-associated muscle lincRNAs.

ISSN: 2044-5040