Fig. 5

Expression levels of selected genes in the muscles of male mice and rats. A Common marker genes of myofiber denervation. B Common marker gene of skeletal muscle atrophy. Boxplots show normalized expression levels of these genes from 6 to 27 months, with “outliers” marked as dots. Asterisks indicate significant difference compared to 6 months. Bonferroni adjusted p value * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001. See Table S2 for the exact fold changes and p values for these genes. Genes that are not differentially expressed at any age compared with 6 months or do not have linear or logistic trends are labeled as “not age-related”. For age-related genes, the behavior patterns are indicated: e.g., “late-up”